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Grice’sCooperativePrinciple,MaximsofConversation&ConversationalImplicatureObjective:Givenashortdialoguewhichmakesuseofthemaxims,identifythemaximinplay,andexplainyouranswer.Ifapplicable,explaintheimplicationcreated.TheCooperativePrincipleAbasicunderlyingassumptionwemakewhenwespeaktooneanotheristhatwearetryingtocooperatewithoneanothertoconstructmeaningfulconversations.ThisassumptionisknownastheCooperativePrinciple.AsstatedinH.P.Grice’s“LogicandConversation”(1975):Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.iInotherwords,weasspeakerstrytocontributemeaningful,productiveutterancestofurthertheconversation.Itthenfollowsthat,aslisteners,weassumethatourconversationalpartnersaredoingthesame.Youcanthinkofreasonswhysomeonemightbeuncooperativeinconversation(maybethey’rebeinginterrogatedforinformationtheydon’twanttogiveup;maybetheyhatethepersonthey’retalkingto;maybethey’rejustcrazy)butinthevastmajorityofconversations,it’ssafetoassumethatbothparticipantsaretryingtobecooperative.Thisassumption(thatthecooperativeprincipleholds,andthepeoplewe’respeakingtoaretryingtocooperate)explainstwothings:(i)whyspeecherrorsareoftenignored(orevengounnoticed)inconversation.Aslongasthemeaningthespeakeristryingtogetacrossisclear,thelistenerusuallygivesthemthebenefitofthedoubtandfocusesonthemeaning.(ii)whywecanfindmeaninginstatementswhich,onthesurface,seemridiculous,untrueorunrelated(i.e.metaphors,sarcasm,overstatement,understatement,etc.)Ratherthanassumingthatourconversationalpartnerislying,crazy,orspeakingatrandom,weassumethey’retryingtogetacrosssomemeaning,andwecanfigureoutwhatthatmeaningis.TheMaximsofConversationGricecameupwiththefollowingmaximsofconversation.(A“maxim”iskindoflikearuleofthumb.Buttheserulesaren’tnearlyashardandfastastheCooperativePrinciple,aswe’llsee.)Quantity•Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.(Don’tsaytoomuchortoolittle.)•Makethestrongeststatementyoucan.Quality•Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.•Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.Relation•Berelevant.(Stayontopic.)Manner•Avoidobscurityofexpression.•Avoidambiguity.•Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).•Beorderly.iiThesimplestwaytothinkofGrice’smaximsisgeneralruleswefollowinconversation.However,that’snotentirelyaccurate.Theinterestingthingaboutthese“rules”isthatoften,wedon’tfollowthem.MaximViolationsThereareseveralways/reasonsaspeakermightbreakoneoftherules:1.ViolatingtheCooperativePrinciple.(See“Grice’sCooperativePrinciple.”)Oneinstanceinwhichaspeakermightbreakthemaximofqualityisiftheyarereallytryingtodeceivethelistener;butthiswouldalsobeaviolationofthecooperativeprinciple.Forthereallyinterestingviolations,let’sassumetheCooperativePrincipleholds.2.Signalingaviolation(minorviolation).Apersonmightessentiallycomeoutandtellyoutheyareviolatingamaximandwhy.Examples.“Idon’tknowifthisisrelevant,but...”(relation)“I’mnotsurehowtosaythis,but...”(manner)“Ican’ttellyou;I’msworntosecrecy.”(quantity)“Thisisjustthewordonthestreet;Ican’tvouchforthisinformation.”(quality)3.Maximclash.Aspeakermightviolateonemaximinordertopreserveanother.Example.CarsonisdrivingJohntoMeredith’shouse.CARSON:WheredoesMeredithlive?JOHN:Nevada.MaximViolated:Quantity.Why:Thereisclashbetweenquantityandquality.Carsonislookingforastreetaddress,butJohngivesaweaker,lessinformativestatement(hencethequantityviolation).IfJohnreallydoesn’tknowanythingmorespecific,however,hecannotgiveamoreinformativestatementwithoutviolatingquality.4.“Flouting”amaxim(majorviolation)tocreateaconversationalimplicature.Byclearlyandobviouslyviolatingamaxim,youcanimplysomethingbeyondwhatyousay.Examples.JOHN:Where’sMeredith?ELIZABETH:Thecontrolroomorthesciencelab.MaximViolated:Quantity;Elizabethdidn’tgiveasmuchinformationasJohnwanted(Meredith’sexactlocation),butinsteadgaveaweakerstatement(givingtwopossibleoptions).Implication:Elizabethdoesn’tknowwhichofthetwoplacesMeredithis.SIMON:Whenareyoucominghome?ELIZABETH:Iwillcodifythatquestiontomysuperiorsandrespondatsuchatimeasanadequateanswerispreparable.MaximViolated:Manner;Elizabethisusingunnecessarilycomplicatedandconfusingwordsandconstruction.Implication:Elizabethdoesnotknowordoesnotwishtogiveananswertothequestion.MEREDITH:Youreallyloveme?JOHN:IlikeFerriswheels,andcollegefootball,andthingsthatgorealfast.MaximViolated:Relation;Johnischangingthetopic.Implication:EitherJohndoesn’twanttorespondtoMeredith(perhapshehasproblemsdiscussinghisfeelings)ortheansweris“no.”ELIZABETH:Alotofpeoplearedependingonyou.MEREDITH:Thanks,thatreallytakesthepressureoff.MaximViolated:Quality;knowingthat“alotofpeoplearedependingonyou”doesnot,infact,takethepressureoff.Meredithissayingsomethingobviouslyuntrue.Implication:Bysayingsomethingclearlyuntrue,Meredithisimplyingthattheoppositeistrue(sarcasm).Thetruemeaningbeingexpressedhereisprobablymorelike“Thatreallyputsalotofpressureonme”andperhaps,byextension,“Stoppressuringme.”MoreonConversationalImplicatureAsyoucanseefromtheaboveexamples,floutingmaximstocreateimplicati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